John Keats La Belle Dame Sans Merci Essays - Gothic Fiction

John Keats' ?La Belle Dame Sans Merci? SPeech is where you make speeches. La Belle Dame sans Merci In La Belle Dame sans Merci, John Keats stresses the idea that beauty is only skin deep and also lies in the eye of the beholder. Through the use of two speakers, Keats is able to portray his theme by means of a story. As the poem begins, the reader meets the first speaker. As we read on, we come to find out that this is a passer-by. We also find out the state of the other speaker, wretched Wight. Sounds so full of life. We also find out the setting. The sedge is witherd from the lake, /And no birds sing. Again, the reader sees the lack of life in the setting. As the first speaker continues, he starts to interrogate the other man. what can ail thee? He describes the man as a lily on thy brow, with anguish moist and fever dew. This translated more than likely indicates that the man is sad. He has also lost the color in his cheeks by stating, on thy cheek a fading rose. Now, it is time for the other speaker to respond. His fir st remark is the route of his problemI met a lady. Wow, cut, print, we have ourselves the beginning of the majority of problems men face. He has met a woman. He then starts to describe her as if in a trance Full beautiful, a faerys child. The woman is made out to be a goddess. He furthers his description with Her hair was long, her foot was light, /And her eyes were wild. Through stating her attributes in past tense, the second speaker is relaying that she is no longer there. Now the second speaker (for the sake of understanding, we shall call him Sark), Sark is describing what they did together. [Sark] set her on [his] pacing steed. And she sat like a true lady and they were merry. She took him into her elfin grot and the laid together. She lookd at [Sark] as she did love him. By this saying, it can be presumed that she did not really love him, but only acted like it because of the gifts he was bestowing upon her. As he fell asleep, Sark had a dream. He dreamt that [he] saw pale ki ngs, and princes too, /Pale warriors, death-pale were they all. These men can be presumed as others who had fallen for this woman and had come to the same misery as him. Sark wakes up and finds himself alone On the cold hillside. He then continues to explain that is why the passer-by found him where he is, where the sedge is witherd from the lake, /And no bird sings. This is a true story of falling in love with the beauty and not the person. The man fell for her like a rock in water. He gave up everything for her and she left him. But in retrospect, when the title of the poem is translated, it turns out she is the beautiful woman without pity. Speech and Communcations

Tyranny vs. monarchy essays

Tyranny vs. monarchy essays One cannot accurately define monarchy versus tyranny. It is a matter of personal opinion. This opinion is based on fundamental ideals and values that an individual has formed throughout his life. monarchy becomes a tyranny when the monarchy has lost the sincere desire for the happiness for the population. Now, the road to achieving happiness is conceptually different in almost every culture. The concept of happiness in America is a big house, fast cars, seventy-two inch plasma flat-screen with the bling-bling. This is not the version of happiness prevalent in many collectivist societies. Radical Muslims loath America for being tyrannical capitalists. At which form of influence on Dahls scale does one label a persuasive action as tyrannical? At what point does imposing a majority view on a minority become tyrannical? These questions have to be gauged by societal and cultural standards. Nations have a penchant for being very narrow-minded when viewing other leaders. Societies tend to judge foreign societies actions based upon an ethnocentric view of the world by relating it to themselves and there own culture and then passing judgement accordingly. For example, many Americans value individualistic ideals and some will see a communist state as tyrannical. If one has formed a set of values that value private property highly, he may feel a socialist government is tyrannical. Many Americans view Islamic states to be tyrannical on the basis that women are subordinated in that society without respecting thousands of years of culture. Here is a brief theoretical case study. The dictator from politically unstable Poptrunkistan massacres a bunch of his own people protesting at a town square. People would be quick to label that leader as tyrannical. However, the dictator may justify his actions, and rightly so, by saying he was motivated by the possibility of saving thousands more from the civil war that may have bec ...

The curriculum NZ Early Years Curriculumhas a role in shaping future Essay

The curriculum NZ Early Years Curriculumhas a role in shaping future identities. (Ross, 2000, p.149) - Essay Example Infants, toddlers and pre-schoolers derive much benefit from a play-based curriculum, and under the supervision of knowledgeable and caring adults, it is a powerful method in facilitating the development of children’s identities. This paper will explore one of the definitions of identity as cited in Webber (n.d.) Identity is a socially constructed phenomenon related to the societal context in which individuals live. It is also very much a personal process. Erikson(1980) â€Å"understood that one’s identity is something that is both self-created and bestowed upon the individual by the culture†(p 13) (as cited in Webber, n.d., p. 14) Pedagogical models with strong sociocultural features such as Te Whariki do not leave play to chance but sustains it through complex reciprocal and responsive relationships as well as provision of activities which are socially constructed and mediated (Wood, 2004). Not only do activities promote self-awareness but also incorporate cult ural awareness which strengthens children’s cultural identities. ... Play is a child’s world. It is an avenue where one can be free to be oneself without anyone imposing rules or restrictions to conform to society’s standards. Play offers many benefits that foster children’s learning. It engages the mind to actively imagine various scenarios for fun or for problem-solving. Te Whariki’s strand of Mana Aoturoa (Exploration) encourages children’s active exploration of the environment because in doing so, they learn many strategies for active exploration, thinking and reasoning as well as developing theories in understanding their world (MOE, 1996). Babies and toddlers play in order to get to know how things work, how people react, etc. They get to explore and discover things that otherwise they will not learn about if they do not actively engage in play. This free exploration is considered Heuristic play by Holland (2003) and encourages it without adult intervention. Adults provide simple materials and allow the childâ €™s imagination to take off. â€Å"The child learns from observing directly what these objects will ‘do’ or ‘not do’, in sharp contrast to much of the ‘educational’ equipment which has a result predetermined by the design which has been devised by the adult maker (Holland, 2003, p. 142). Not only will heuristic play stimulate a child’s thinking, but it also develops his creativity as he will see in his mind endless possibilities in imaginatively transforming ordinary objects into various things with various functions. Young children learn better in play- like settings because they retain concepts better when learned in the spirit of fun. Macintyre (2003) discusses the value of play in all the developmental areas of children. Children love games that stimulate thinking. Such cognitive benefits

Utilising theory, concepts and tools explored in the module, Essay

Utilising theory, concepts and tools explored in the module, critically evaluate the strategic marketing of a product, service or business offering of your choice - Essay Example nder the segment of beverages is enhancing its brand image and portfolio to a significant extent thereby amplifying their portfolio and reputation in the entire globe. One of such reputed organizations operating successful in the segment of beverage is Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola is one of the reputed organizations, operating in the segment of carbonated soft drinks, since 1886. It is introduced in the region of Atlanta of Georgia, but expanded its wings in the entire globe very quickly and rapidly (Coca-Cola, 2014). It became possible mainly due to the presence of numerous product lines such as Caffeine-free coca-cola, Parsi Cola, Virgin Cola, Coca-Cola-Vanila, Coca-Cola Cherry etc (Coca-Cola, 2014). Due to which, it attained the reward of best global brand in the year 2011. Other than this, within a very small time frame, it enhanced its profit margin by 15.31 percent in 31st March, 2014 (Ycharts, 2014). Along with this, the market share and brand image of the organization of Coca-Cola enhanced with a significant extent that amplified its position and sustainability as well (Coca-Cola, 2014). The rationale of this essay is to analyse critically the strategic marketing policies used by the organization of Coca-Cola in order to promote its product, diet coke in the entire globe among other competing firms. Moreover, the essay also comprises of varied types of marketing concepts, theories and tools in order to evaluate the effective strategies used. Strategic marketing is the procedure to cope up with the policies and strategies of the existing competitors so as to amplify the brand value of an organization. Similarly, the process of strategic marketing is performed for the organization of Coca-Cola, in order to analyse the demands and requirements of its target market so as to fulfil it. Only then, the organization of Coca-Cola might become successful in amplifying its image and reputation in this aggressive market among many other rival contenders (Beall, 2010, pp.

Global Branding Strategies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Branding Strategies - Research Paper Example As the paper outlines, the world is becoming increasingly global. Companies are not just focusing on local markets in their service and product provision. They are now looking for new and more promising markets outside their borders and also need to incorporate market forces coming from their global competitors. The corporate world is now characterized by a fast flow of products internationally, an advertisement is also done across borders and there is a need to ensure that marketing strategies reflect these changes. (Kapfer, 1997)  Brands are a fundamental part of any company's key strategy. This is because brands give firms an identity. Keller (1998) asserts that brands help to strengthen their customer base and also to take away power from retailers alone. Aaker and Keller (1990) go on to add that a brand helps to solidify ones position in any market. However, there are some key questions that arise when dealing with the issue. Firms need to ask themselves whether they would lik e to maintain the same brand name in different countries and locations. Firms who choose to do this could justify their actions by claiming that this allows them to maintain their identity throughout. On the other hand, some firms may decide to take up different brands within the different countries that they will choose to operate. Such firms may believe that brand names need to reflect demand and the needs of a particular country. These questions need to be addressed so as to ensure that a given company take advantage of all the opportunities available in the international market. Some companies may have made quite a name for themselves in the domestic markets. Their products may have such a unique place in their product markets such that they have considerable influence there. It would, therefore, be advisable to maintain the same brand for such companies when venturing into global markets. Caller (1996) asserts that this will go a long way in ensuring that such companies are abl e to leverage their power in the domestic market to international markets. A good example of such a company is Coca Cola. It started with a very strong image in its domestic market and decided to maintain its name throughout its market.  Another aspect that could make certain companies stick to the same brand name is the integration of regional markets. For example in Europe, there are numerous countries that are now operating under the same currency and targeting each other. Consequently, it would be advisable to create brand names that can accommodate numerous countries all at once. The European Union has changed the traditional approach of locally-centered products. There is a need to incorporate brands for the EU markets. (Featherstone, 1990)  Some companies may be dealing with certain products that have relatively equal levels of demand in the target markets they are dealing with. A good example of such a company is Shell. The Company deals with various petroleum products. These are items that are in high demand in different parts of the world.  

How Cookies Are Used On The Internet Computer Science Essay

How Cookies Are Used On The Internet Computer Science Essay This paper will discuss how cookies are used on the Internet and the risks associated with cookies. The essay will explain what computer cookies are, how they are used, the security issues that are associated with cookies and whether are needed for Internet browsing. Computing cookies are used by many commercial websites to hold variables when you jump through different pages, however, they can be used for more sinister purposes. This is why a browser will allow a user to turn the storing of cookies off. A computing cookie is a file which helps a server recognize who a user is. When a user is browsing the Internet, the server that provides the websites does not know who they are. This is not a problem when the user visits static websites. However, when a user visits an interactive website that requires them to log in or remember a shopping list, the browser does need to remember who you are (Schneier, 2004:171). The reason for this is that, if it could not remember who the user is, then you would have to log in every time you visited a different page within the same companys website and it would not remember a shopping cart when the browser moved from a main page to a checkout page (All about cookies, 2011). The way it remembers this information is by using a cookie. A cookie comes in two forms; temporarily or persistent. A temporarily cookie is stored in the browsers memory and is destroyed when the browser is shut down. This type of cookie is used so the server can remember what activity has taken place throughout a website. This is useful on an e-commerce website where there is a shopping cart because, the website needs to remember what has been placed in the shopping cart when the user moves between pages and then ultimately to the checkout page. If a cookie was not used the shopping cart would appear empty every time a different page that was visited within the same website (All about cookies, 2011). A persistent cookie is stored on the computers hard drive as a file; it could be stored for any amount of time that the server sets (Pfleeger Pfleeger, 2006: 434). It is used for remembering login details and preferences so that every time a user visits a website, the server remembers their selections. An example of this could be the language t hat the user has chosen to view the website in (All about cookies, 2011). The whole idea is to make the browsing experience much more pleasant. Persistent cookies are also used to track the websites a user visits; this is done to target advertisements to specific users. This means that cookies can reduce the chance that a 25 year old single man is served an ad for diapers when he goes on his favourite sports site(ARA, 2005). Many reputable sites including Google, Yahoo and Sesame Street use this method target adverts (Penenberg, 2005). However, the method raises concerns about the privacy of users as profiling software can determine many different aspects of a users identity with fairly good precision, things like: gender, race, age, income, religion, location, marital status, children, pets and sexual orientation. A public outcry followed and for this reason it has been possible to turn cookies of in Internet Explorer since version 3 (Kayne, 2011), which was released in 1996. In 20 09 the European Union passed a law on the way cookies are used within websites based in Europe. The new law means that a cookie will not be allowed to be placed unless the user has been briefed about what it is for and how it works and also given their consent for it to be placed (Chacksfield, 2009), the only exception to this law will be if the cookie is strictly necessary for the service the user has requested like in the case of an e-commerce website (Robertson, 2009). Security issues are associated with the use of cookies, this is because the nature of a cookie is to collect data, although this is normally a username and password, they can be used to collect other data. Cookies can store anything about a client that a browser can determine: keystrokes the user types, the machine name, connection details (such as IP address), date and type, and so forth.(Pfleeger Pfleeger 2006: 434) The reason this can become a security issue is because, cookies are not designed to provide protection so there is no way of confirming a cookies integrity, also, not all companies encrypt cookies. When a company does not encrypt a cookie, an eavesdropper can steal and reuse the cookie, impersonating a user indefinitely.(ibid: 236) Cookie poisoning is another problem that can arise from storing cookies; cookie poisoning is when the data inside the file is modified. This can result in the bypassing of security mechanisms, meaning an attacker can gain unauthorised inform ation about another user and then steal their identity. (Imperva, 2011) Cookie poisoning is a Parameter Tampering attack, a parameter tempering attack is where an attacker will modify the parameters entered into a hidden or fixed field. These fields are the only security measure for certain operations. This makes this kind of attack useful to an attacker because a cookie can hold sensitive information about the user. Other parameter attacks including SQL Injection, Cross-Site Scripting and Buffer Overflow can be executed using cookie poisoning. (Imperva, 2011) In conclusion if cookies are used for the purpose they were intended they are a good thing. They make the browsing of websites a much more pleasurable experience with the cookies saving the user preferences; this means a website tailored to the users likes. They also provide a good platform for marketers to target adverts to a specific user, meaning they see adverts for things they are much more likely to buy. As with anything over a network there are security risks from cookie poisoning and the privacy concerns, however, with browsers allowing cookies to be switched off the concerns can be overcome.

A Rhythmic History of Hip-Hop Essay -- Hip Hop Music Beat Essays

A Rhythmic History of Hip-Hop Hip-hop, which originally began more than 20 years ago, has undergone many changes during its lifetime. The music has always remained centered in urban landscapes, with most performers of the music rising up from the inner-city neighborhoods. Throughout its history, hip-hop has centered on the rhythm of the beat rather than the melody, which shows the connection between modern hip-hop and traditional African tribal music, often featuring complex polyrhythms and little to no melody. Hip-hop has also featured heavy bass sounds through out its history, with the rhythms hitting the second and fourth beat of each measure hard with either a heavy bass drum or a bass guitar. Hip-hop beats have evolved in many different ways throughout their twenty-year history, yet they are all centered around rhythm and feature heavy, syncopated bass. For my field report, I chose to compose a number of different hip-hop beats, each one emulating a different style of beat from the history of hip-hop. I composed five different beats. The first is an emulation of a beat from the mid-eighties, the second is based on a gangster rap beat from the west coast during the early nineties, the third is based on a beat from New York City during the early nineties, the fourth based on a beat from the south during the late nineties, and the fifth is based on a beat from New York City during the late nineties. For two of the beats I used samples, which is a common practice in the construction of hip-hop beats. The other beats are all originals, yet they are not as long in length as those that contain samples. The first beat is one that is based on the song . South Bronx. by Boogie Down Productions, which was released in 198... ...t, and it does have a sad and reflective tone to it. My song features a sample from the song "Ballad of the Thin Man" by Bob Dylan. The beat is still repetitive, which has proven to be the one constant between all the beats that I chose to emulate. Most of my beats succeeded in trying to capture the feeling of a different time and a different area in music. As is evident by the difference in the beats that came out of New York, Los Angeles, and the South, whatever area the beat comes from has an influence on how those beats will sound. The time from which a beat came also has an influence on how it sounds, with the old school beats sounding quite different from the modern beats. While hip-hop beats have progressed and changed over time, there have also been constants, such as repetition and rhythmic complexity, that remain as similarities between all the beats.

Effective and prefessioanl communication in nursing Essay

Today, nurses and midwives in their professional practice need to communicate in many different ways, maintain an open minded attitude that will allow for superior preparation in nursing assessments and in practice and provide person centred care. They are also required to demonstrate their capacity to think critically about issues, organise ideas logically, take action and reflect on that action to implement continuous improvement in future situations. Emotional intelligence is the foundation for reflective practice; therefore the aim of this paper is to outline the importance of having a clear and concise understanding of the skills mentioned and continuously expanding knowledge throughout studies and ensures this continues into and throughout a career in the health care domain. Verbal communication is the transmitted information from one to another, or to many, in the form of spoken words or written text (Hillege & Groome, 2007). However, there are many other options to transmit information if verbal communication does not benefit the situation. Non-verbal forms such as touch, facial expressions, posture, gait, gestures, sound and a person’s subjective data are also forms of communications which are vital to the medical scope. I feel strongly towards the importance of recognizing all areas of communication and believe non-verbal communication is helpful and can bare more truth despite what the verbal language indicates. Nurse-patient interaction is the pulse of nursing (American Society of Registered Nurses, 2007). Verbal communication is used extensively when providing care, however, when verbal transitions not clear due to language barriers, other avenues of gaining information must be sourced. Awareness of this in nursing practice, together with skilled perception to decipher and piece together a patient’s source of distress by acknowledging what messages the body is convening and what is being said and with that to treat the patient effectively. Lewis & Foley (2010) stated that there are many aspects to conducting a health assessment. Two of these are preparation and collecting data. I feel that the involvement in understanding and performing these assessments correctly is more complicated than I initially thought. The patient’s biographical data, subjective data  and the equipment needed for the nurse to collect such information must all be considered in preparation for the assessment to be precise, paramount and to maintain the person centeredness towards the patient’s own self values. Nurses and midwives need to show respect to the patient’s holistic health (Blackman, 2010). By applying this concept to my nursing practice, it will help me to develop an accurate health assessment. Person-Centered care sees that the patient plays an equal part in planning, developing and assessing their care plan to make sure it is concise with their needs (Dempsey, 2009). It involves considering the patients holistic health and social determinates and putting patients and their families at the center of all decisions. I feel that it is imperative that the patient feels secure and respected by the health care professionals that have instilled trust through their own emotional intelligence. Modern day demands of nursing depend on the skills of emotional intelligence which then achieves person centred care (American society of Registered Nursing, 2007). By applying these concepts in my daily nursing practice I am working towards gaining the most positive foundation for an individuals’ care to take place with positive outcomes. Stance and expression show sincerity towards a patient. Appearance, facial expressions, attitude, ability to listen and remain silent allowing the patient to talk openly indicate professionalism and show a nurses’ demeanor to the patient (Lewis & Foley, 2010). I feel that these are important skills to develop as a health care professional. It is critical as a nurse that we are aware of our non-verbal language and that it portrays a message that complements the verbal communication. Non-verbal interactions play a vital role in nurse-patient perceptions (Blackman, 2011). Displaying neutral expression is not incorrect, rather it can allow for appropriate expression inside the zone of helpfulness. When interacting with patients in the clinical scene I now know the importance of maintaining professional demeanor towards them. Lewis and Foley (2010) stated that through stages of life, consideration and opinion of one’s self is developed through a combination of others’ attitudes and the internalised understanding of ideal self. These factors can have positive or negative effects on the development and stability of self-concept. I feel  that it is important to recognise a persons’ sensitivity to influence on both the care giver and receivers end. Influences are ever changing depending on a person’s faith, socio-economical positioning, interpersonal relationships and emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence has grown in popularity among nurses over the last two decades, generating interest both at a social and professional level (American Society of Registered Nurses, 2007). I, as a nurse, must have emotional intelligence in order to reflect it back on patients, thus stimulating their own positive self-concept and avoiding emotional down scale which could have otherwise caused them to suffer inadequate care. As nurses and midwives we must demonstrate confidence in understanding that the specific data that needs to be collected underpins the decisions and actions in creating a health care plan for on a patient (Dempsey & Wilson, 2009). It is critical to remain free from prejudice in the clinical scene and consistently motivate an individual’s needs and put ethical principles into action. I now feel more aware that my prejudicial judgments can have acute impacts on an individual’s self-concept. Leiniger (1988) stated that nurses must acquire knowledge of the ‘others’ culture in order to provide care that is culturally congruent for the client. Freedom of prejudice enables nurses to seek new information to broaden understanding thus obtaining correct insight to tailor individual action planning that suits the needs of the patient. A nurse’s primary responsibility is conducting a health assessment and collecting patient data (Lewis and Foley, 2010). During data collection, elements of critical thinking establish the determinants for the action to follow. I feel nervous that, my initial assessment on a patient will determine the proceedings of the action plan toward the patients’ treatment and it is expected that nurses demonstrate the knowledge and ability to grow and gain further knowledge through clinical practice and reflection. American Society of Registered Nursing (2007) stated that nurses should develop skills to assess patient’s responses to the illness. Furthermore, every patient differs and has different attitudes on various issues of life and has various levels of understanding and coping capabilities. Knowing the essential elements of critical thinking that underpin nursing assessments and applying them in clinical judgments enables me as a student nurse to  have the confidence to conduct assessments and collect data correctly. Lewis and Foley (2010) pointed out that professional registered nurses or midwives are expected to be able to analyse his or her own practice through reflection. Self-awareness is the foundation of reflective practice thus identifying nurses own needs and seeking supportive networks encourages professional growth and heightened self-awareness. I feel that reflective practice is paramount for any nurse and midwife of any level of experience so that patient’s needs are always met with modern effective treatment and a high quality of care. Today, emotional intelligence is probed as an important characteristic of building successful nursing leadership and enhancing performance (American Society of Nursing 2007) and is now recognised as a requirement for formal authority to practice under the registration, therefore, vitalizing nursing conduct and reducing job related stress. Understanding the importance of reflectiveness, I can implement this practice into my studies and continue practicing into my nursing career. Nurses and other health care professionals must recognise the importance of understanding the fundamentals discussed above and apply them in the health care industry, implementing them precisely to ensure that the focus is on the patient’s holistic health. This ensures that the patient feels informed, empowered by superior communication that places them at the control centre of the decision making of their treatment and ensures that the most positive foundation for an individuals’ care is established, resulting in a positive outcome. Reflecting on that outcome, despite it being positive or negative, constructing continuous improvement and implementing those improvements in future similar scenarios further down ones career line, assists a nurse to ensure effective communication takes place at all times. References American society of registered nurses, (2007). Emotional intelligence in the nursing profession. Journal of nursing. Retrieved from http://asrn.org/journalnursing/202-emotional-intellegence-in-the-nursing-profession.html Blackman, R. (2010). Understanding culture in practice: Reflections on an Australian Indigenous nurse. Contemporary Nurse: A journal  for the Australian Nursing Profession, 37, (1), 31-34. Dempsey, J. (2009) Introduction to nursing, midwifery and person- centred care: Definitions of nursing and midwifery. In J. Dempsey, J. French, S. Hillege & V. Wilson (Eds.), Fundamentals of nursing and midwifery: A person-centred approach to care (p. 6). Sydney, Australia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Dempsey, J & Wilson, V. (2009) Thoughtful practice: Self-awareness and refection. In J. Dempsey, J. French, S. Hillege & V. Wilson (Eds.), Fundamentals of nursing and midwifery: A person-centred approach to care (p. 244-246). Sydney, Australia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Dempsey, J & Wilson, V. (2009) Thoughtful practice: Clinical reasoning, clinical judgment, Actions and the processes of care. In J. Dempsey, J. French, S. Hillege & V. Wilson (Eds.), Fundamentals of nursing and midwifery: A person-centred approach to care (p. 260-262). Sydney, Australia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Hearne, C. (2009). Self-concept. In J. Dempsey, J. French, S. Hillege, & V. Wilson (Eds.), Fundamentals of nursing and midwifery: A person- centred approach to care (p. 440-442). Sydney, Australia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Hillege, S & Groome, M. (2009). Communication. In J. Dempsey, J. French, S. Hillege & V. Wilson (Eds.), Fundamentals of nursing and midwifery: A person-centred approach to care (p. 119-120). Sydney, Australia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Lewis, P., & Foley, D. (Eds), (2011). Collecting subjective data. In P. Lewis & D. Foley, Weber & Kelly’s: health assessment in nursing (1st Australian and New Zealand edition) (p. 10-11). Sydney, Australia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Lewis, P., & Foley, D. (Eds), (2011). The nurses role in health care assessment: Collecting and analyising data. In P. Lewis & D. Foley, Weber & Kelly’s: health assessment in nursing (1st Australian and New Zealand edition) (p. 6). Sydney, Australia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Lewis, P., & Foley, D. (Eds), (2011). Analysing data using critical thinking skills. In P. Lewis & D. Foley, Weber & Kelly’s: health assessment in nursing (1st Australian and New Zealand edition) (p. 51-52). Sydney, Australia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

History of the Domestication of Chocolate

History of the Domestication of Chocolate There is currently some debate as to how many species of cacao (Theobroma spp) exist in the world or ever did. Recognized varieties identified (and debated) include Theobroma cacao ssp. cacao (called Criollo and found throughout Central America); T. cacao spp. sphaerocarpum (called Forastero and found in the northern Amazon basin); and a hybrid of the two called Trinitario. Recent genetic studies suggest that all forms of cacao are simply versions of Forastero. If true, cacao originated in the upper Amazon of Colombia and Ecuador and was brought to central America by human intervention. Ethnographic studies in the northern Amazon revealed that cacao use there was confined to the production of cacao chicha (beer) from the fruit, not from processing the beans. Earliest Use of Chocolate The earliest known evidence for cacao bean use was located outside of the Amazon basin and dates between about 1900-1500 BC. Researchers investigated residues on the interior of several bowls dated to the earliest societies in Mesoamerica using mass spectrometry and discovered evidence of Theobromine within a tecomate at Paso de la Amada, a Mokaya site in southern Chiapas, Mexico. They also found a bowl testing positive for Theobromine from the El Manati Olmec site in Veracruz, dated roughly 1650-1500 BC. Other archaeological sites with early evidence of chocolate use include Puerto Escondido, Honduras, about 1150 BC, and Colha, Belize, between 1000-400 BC. Chocolate Innovations It seems clear that the innovation to plant and tend cacao trees is a Mesoamerican invention. Until recently, scholars believed that, since the Maya word kakaw originates from the Olmec language, the Olmec must have been the progenitors of this delicious liquid. However, recent archaeological studies at Puerto Escondido in Honduras suggest that the original steps towards domestication of cacao happened before the rise of the Olmec civilization when Honduras was in active trade with the Soconusco region. Archaeological sites with evidence for early chocolate domestication include Paso de la Amada (Mexico), El Manati (Mexico), Puerto Escondido (Honduras), Batsub Cave (Belize), Xunantunich (Guatemala), Rio Azul (Guatemala), Colha (Belize). Sources Fowler, William R.Jr.1993 The living pay for the dead: Trade, exploitation, and social change in early colonial Isalco, El Salvador. In Ethnohistory and Archaeology: Approaches to Postcontact Change in the Americas. J. D. Rogers and Samuel M. Wilson, eds. Pp. 181-200. New York: Plenum Press.Gasco, Janine 1992 Material culture and colonial Indian society in southern Mesoamerica: the view from coastal Chiapas, Mexico. Historical Archaeology 26(1):67-74.Henderson, John S., et al. 2007 Chemical and archaeological evidence for the earliest cacao beverages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(48):18937-18940Joyce, Rosemary A. and John S. Henderson 2001 Beginnings of Village Life in Eastern Mesoamerica. Latin American Antiquity 12(1):5-23.Joyce, Rosemary A. and John S. Henderson 2007 From Feasting to Cuisine: Implications of Archaeological Research in an Early Honduran Village. American Anthropologist 109(4):642-653.LeCount, Lisa J. 2001 Like water for chocolate: Feasting an d political ritual among the Late Classic Maya at Xunantunich, Belize. American Anthropologist 103(4):935-953. McAnany, Patricia A. and Satoru Murata 2007 Americas first connoisseurs of chocolate. Food and Foodways 15:7-30.Motamayor, J. C., A. M. Risterucci, M. Heath, and C. Lanaud 2003 Cacao domestication II: Progenitor germplasm of the Trinitario cacao cultivar. Heredity 91:322-330.Motamayor, J. C., et al. 2002 Cacao domestication I: the origin of the cacao cultivated by the Mayas. Heredity 89:380-386.Norton, Marcy 2006 Tasting empire: Chocolate and the European internalization of Mesoamerican aesthetics. American Historical Review 111(2):660-691.Powis, Terry G., et al. 2008 The origins of cacao use in Mesoamerica. Mexicon 30:35-38.Prufer, Keith M. and W. J. Hurst 2007 Chocolate in the Underworld Space of Death: Cacao Seeds from an Early Classic Mortuary Cave. Ethnohistory 54(2):273-301.

American Revolution and the Battle of the Chesapeake

American Revolution and the Battle of the Chesapeake The Battle of the Chesapeake, also known as the Battle of the Virginia Capes, was fought September 5, 1781, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Fleets and Leaders Royal Navy Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves19 ships of the line French Navy Rear Admiral Comte de Grasse24 ships of the line Background Prior to 1781, Virginia had seen little fighting as the majority operations had taken place far to the north or further south. Early that year, British forces, including those led by traitor Brigadier General Benedict Arnold, arrived in the Chesapeake and commenced raiding. These were later joined by Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis army which had marched north following its bloody victory at the Battle of Guilford Court House. Taking command of all British forces in the region, Cornwallis soon received a confusing string of orders from his superior in New York City, General Sir Henry Clinton. While initially campaigning against American forces in Virginia, including those led by the Marquis de Lafayette, he was later instructed to establish a fortified base at a deep-water port. Assessing his options, Cornwallis elected to utilize Yorktown for this purpose. Arriving at Yorktown, VA, Cornwallis constructed earthworks around the town and built fortifications across the York River at Gloucester Point.    Fleets in Motion During the summer, General George Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau requested that Rear Admiral Comte de Grasse bring his French fleet north from the Caribbean for a potential strike against either New York City or Yorktown. After extensive debate, the latter target was chosen by the allied Franco-American command with the understanding that de Grasses ships were necessary to prevent Cornwallis escaping by sea. Aware that de Grasse intended to sail north, a British fleet of 14 ships of the line, under Rear Admiral Samuel Hood, also departed the Caribbean. Taking a more direct route, they arrived at the mouth of the Chesapeake on August 25. That same day, a second, smaller French fleet led by the  Comte de Barras departed Newport, RI carrying siege guns and equipment. In an effort to avoid the British, de Barras took a circuitous route with the goal of reaching Virginia and uniting with de Grasse. Not seeing the French near the Chesapeake, Hood decided to continue on to New York to join with Rear Admiral Thomas Graves. Arriving at New York, Hood found that Graves only had five ships of the line in battle condition. Combining their forces, they put to sea heading south towards Virginia. While the British were uniting to the north, de Grasse arrived in the Chesapeake with 27 ships of the line. Quickly detaching three ships to blockade Cornwallis position at Yorktown, de Grasse landed 3,200 soldiers and anchored the bulk of his fleet behind Cape Henry, near the mouth of the bay. The French Put to Sea On September 5, the British fleet appeared off the Chesapeake and sighted the French ships around 9:30 AM. Rather than swiftly attack the French while they were vulnerable, the British followed the tactical doctrine of the day and moved into a line ahead formation. The time required for this maneuver allowed the French to recover from the surprise of the British arrival which had seen many of their warships caught with large portions of their crews ashore. Also, it allowed de Grasse to avoid entering battle against an adverse wind and tidal conditions. Cutting their anchor lines, the French fleet emerged from the bay and formed for battle. As the French exited from the bay, both fleets angled towards each other as they sailed east. A Running Fight As wind and sea conditions continued to change, the French gained the advantage of being able to open their lower gun ports while the British were prevented from doing so without risking water entering their ships. Around 4:00 PM, the vans (lead sections) in each fleet opened fired on their opposite number as the range closed. Though the vans were engaged, a shift in the wind made it difficult for each fleets center and rear to close within range. On the British side, the situation was further hampered by contradictory signals from Graves. As the fighting progressed, the French tactic of aiming for masts and rigging bore fruit as HMS Intrepid (64 guns) and HMS Shrewsbury (74) both fell out of line. As the vans pummeled each other, many of the ships to their rear never were able to engage the enemy. Around 6:30 PM the firing ceased and the British withdrew to windward. For the next four days, the fleets maneuvered within sight of each other. However, neither sought to renew the battle . On the evening of September 9, de Grasse reversed his fleets course, leaving the British behind, and returned to the Chesapeake. Upon arriving, he found reinforcements in the form of 7 ships of the line under de Barras. With 34 ships of the line, de Grasse had full control of the Chesapeake, eliminating Cornwallis hopes for evacuation. Trapped, Cornwallis army was besieged by the combined army of Washington and Rochambeau. After over two weeks of fighting, Cornwallis surrendered on October 17, effectively ending the American Revolution. Aftermath and Impact During the Battle of the Chesapeake, both fleets suffered approximately 320 casualties. In addition, many of the ships in the British van were heavily damaged and unable to continue fighting. Though the battle itself was tactically inconclusive, it was a massive strategic victory for the French. By drawing the British away from the Chesapeake, the French eliminated any hope of rescuing Cornwalliss army. This in turn allowed for the successful siege of Yorktown, which broke the back of British power in the colonies and led to American independence.

The Labour Market Sector UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Labour Market Sector UK - Essay Example From the research it can be comprehended that the demand for labor in the United Kingdom is influenced by the availability of skills, expertise, and knowledge in the country. Different types of labor are required in the country to meet the demand of labour in various sectors. According to HRM in context, a labour market can be described as a mechanism through which labour is purchased and sold as a commodity. Labor demand is the number and types of jobs available in a country, whilst labour supply is the number and types of employees available. Therefore, the labour market of a country consists of a relationship between workers and work. The marketing intelligence of the labor market is important in that, one is able to relate the labor supply and labor demand of a country, and determine how the two aspects correlate with each other. Internal labor market refers to an organization’s internal supply of labour, whereby, employees are assigned specific roles in an organization. T he human resources in that particular firm concerns itself with the needs of employees such as training and development, retention, and job security among others. The external labor market represents the external supply and availability of labour. A country’s eternal supply of labor could be regional or internally, which may involve immigrants relocating into the host country. The main methods that will be used in this report are secondary and primary methods; however, secondary sources are most preferred, as they give accurate data, which cannot be found in primary sources. They are also less expensive compared to primary data that involves questionnaires and interviews. Secondary data already exists, for instance, Euromonitor and UK government statistics will offer genuine information regarding the labour market for several years. It also saves on time and assists in improving primary data by making it more specific; such sources include Euromonitor, keynote, national statistics, and the guardian and other academic sources, which will be applied to this report. According to FAO (N.d), secondary data availability contributes to the fast way of reaching to conclusions due to the quality of information these sources contain. In addition, secondary data is effective in solving problems by assisting the researcher to understand the actual problem. Reid and Bojanic (2006 p209) argue that the advantages of using secondary data sources include less cost, timeliness whereby an individual can access information very fast as opposed to waiting for weeks for the data to be collected and analyzed. In addition, frustration is reduced as the researcher can access the required information from appropriate sources. Primary data collection sources are advantageous, as data is collected straight from the population, for instance, with the use of questionnaires and interviews, hence providing original data and unbiased information. According to Goeldner and Ritchie (2009), primary data sources are original as they involve the actual collection of data; however, secondary data needs to be collected first before collecting primary data. Therefore, secondary data should be exhausted first before opting for primary data collection. According to Weinreich (2006), quantitative research techniques produce quantifiable reliable data especially when generalizing larger populations. Therefore, quantitative research provides a clear picture of the expectations of a research. This

Writing in the Visual Age Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Writing in the Visual Age - Research Paper Example While some emphasize the need to essentially teach rhetorical analysis of images to the students of a writing class, others advocate the importance of aural or textual messages by claiming that no matter how skillfully designed, pictures or images should not be considered to be more capable both emotionally and informatively in comparison to words. Those favoring the newly introduced development of visual rhetoric stress on the importance of photographs and deem them as elements significantly capable of providing more obvious evidence to the public. This paper is basically an attempt to explain why visual rhetoric should be taught as part of a writing class while also acknowledging the opposing ideas put forward by critics weighing the credibility of visual rhetoric in a writing class. This paper will also include some suggestions about how effective actions could be made to enhance the position and validity of visual rhetoric in context of composition studies. This is important beca use though some people might be able to institute change on some levels, it again leaves many educationists and teachers to deal with depressing frustration when visual communication fails to stick for long. I... isually demonstrate how Europe brought the light of literacy and humanity to the dark land of Congo, she filled the star in the flag with very meaningful images of slavery and explorers and the blue field around it with several though-provoking and informative images of old African art. Such useful incorporation of visual rhetoric not only must have delivered more inspirational, interesting, informative, and emotional lesson to the class but it also must have made the whole class remember the logic behind the flag’s design for a longer period. This is understandable as in contrast to a teacher who likes to simply stand behind the rostrum sticking to very conventional and orthodox teaching strategies is certainly much less likely to convey a deeper understanding of a subject to his/her students than a teacher who prefers to institute change and benefit from strategies like using visual rhetoric to demonstrate the meaning and logic behind a concept. Majority of the researchers a t the Wharton School of Business concluded after comparing verbal presentations to visual presentations that â€Å"presenters who combined visual and verbal components were more persuasive† (MacroVU, Inc.). Students are much more likely to reason with a complex dilemma which might be puzzling them when teachers feel motivated to visually explain the confusing parts which is why visual rhetoric should be taught as part of a writing class. It is claimed by Williams in support of the visual mode of communication that this mode literally challenges the people to both see and perceive an image in many different new ways unlike verbal or textual messages (18). Visual communication is the name of a very reasonable and self-evident strategy which should not be underestimated. The research stresses that